Elephant Trails at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo is not just an exhibit; it is a comprehensive conservation program that has been built on decades of scientific research. For over 50 years, scientists at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI) have been studying Asian elephants both at the Zoo and in their natural habitats. This research has provided valuable insights into Asian elephant biology, behavior, reproduction, genetics, migration patterns, and the challenges of human-elephant conflict. By collaborating with governments, NGOs, and academic institutions in elephant range countries, the Zoo is leading efforts to improve the lives of Asian elephants in zoos and protect them in the wild.
One of the most pressing threats to Asian elephants today is Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV), which has a staggering fatality rate of 80 percent. The Zoo and SCBI have been at the forefront of researching EEHV, identifying over 60 cases in the global elephant population in human care. This deadly virus has also claimed the lives of more than 20 orphan and wild elephant calves in Asia. The Zoo’s herpesvirus laboratory is a vital resource for information, testing, and research on EEHV within the elephant community.
Reproduction and health monitoring are essential aspects of elephant conservation. The Endocrine Research Lab at the Zoo is the only facility in the U.S. that provides extensive monitoring services for tracking the reproductive health of zoo elephants. Through hormone evaluations, researchers can assess the reproductive status of hundreds of female elephants in zoos across the country.
Behavioral research is another key focus area at Elephant Trails. While much is known about the behavior of African elephants, Asian elephant sociality remains largely unexplored. The exhibit provides scientists with unique opportunities to study various aspects of elephant behavior, including female interactions, cow/calf relationships, bull behavior, cognition, and mate choice.
The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) lab at SCBI uses satellite imagery and ground studies to track and study Asian elephants and their habitat. With Asian elephant populations declining due to habitat loss, understanding their movements and habitat requirements is crucial for their conservation. The lab’s research helps inform conservation strategies to protect wild elephant populations.
Mitigating human-elephant conflict is a significant challenge in Asia, where changes in land use have led to increased conflicts between elephants and farmers. The Zoo and SCBI are working with Asian leaders to implement land-use strategies that reduce these conflicts and protect elephants in threatened areas. By developing tools for managing and protecting Asian elephants, the Zoo is actively working to address this critical issue.
Genetics research plays a vital role in understanding the size and structure of wild elephant populations. By combining genetic techniques with satellite tracking, the Zoo and SCBI are conducting research on Asian elephant population biology and genetics. This research is essential for developing effective conservation strategies to ensure the survival of Asian elephants in the wild.
Training the next generation of conservationists is a key focus at the Zoo and SCBI. Through training programs, fellowships, workshops, and internships, aspiring elephant experts from the U.S. and Asia are provided with the knowledge and skills needed to contribute to elephant conservation efforts. By nurturing future scientists and conservationists, the Zoo is ensuring the continued protection of Asian elephants for generations to come.
In addition to its conservation efforts, Elephant Trails also showcases sustainable design practices. The facilities are LEED gold certified, incorporating features such as geothermal wells for heating and cooling, operable skylights for natural lighting, and a green roof that provides insulation and habitat for wildlife. By implementing environmentally sustainable practices in everyday operations, the Zoo is setting an example for conservation leadership.
In conclusion, Elephant Trails at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo is not only a captivating exhibit but also a hub of scientific research and conservation efforts aimed at protecting Asian elephants. Through its comprehensive programs on EEHV, reproduction, behavior, genetics, human-elephant conflict, and sustainable design, the Zoo is playing a crucial role in ensuring the survival of Asian elephants in zoos and in the wild.
